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#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/static_convex_hull"
#include "../misc/macros.h"
#include "../geometry/ConvexHull.h"
void solve() {
int n;
cin >> n;
vector<Point<i64>> pts(n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) cin >> pts[i].x >> pts[i].y;
auto hull = convexHull(pts);
cout << sz(hull) << '\n';
for (auto p : hull) cout << p.x << ' ' << p.y << '\n';
}
int main() {
cin.tie(0)->sync_with_stdio(0);
cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
int tc = 1;
cin >> tc;
for (int i = 1; i <= tc; ++i) {
solve();
}
}#line 1 "tests/Static_Convex_Hull.test.cpp"
#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/static_convex_hull"
#line 1 "misc/macros.h"
// #pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops") // unroll long, simple loops
// #pragma GCC target("avx2,fma") // vectorizing code
// #pragma GCC target("lzcnt,popcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2") // for fast bitset operation
#include <bits/extc++.h>
#include <tr2/dynamic_bitset>
using namespace std;
using namespace __gnu_pbds; // ordered_set, gp_hash_table
// using namespace __gnu_cxx; // rope
// for templates to work
#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
#define sz(x) (int) (x).size()
#define pb push_back
#define eb emplace_back
using i32 = int32_t;
using u32 = uint32_t;
using i64 = int64_t;
using u64 = uint64_t;
using i128 = __int128_t;
using u128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<i32, i32>;
using vi = vector<i32>;
// fast map
const int RANDOM = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
struct chash { // customize hash function for gp_hash_table
int operator()(int x) const { return x ^ RANDOM; }
};
gp_hash_table<int, int, chash> table;
/* ordered set
find_by_order(k): returns an iterator to the k-th element (0-based)
order_of_key(k): returns the number of elements in the set that are strictly less than k
*/
template <class T>
using ordered_set = tree<T, null_type, less<T>, rb_tree_tag, tree_order_statistics_node_update>;
/* rope
rope <int> cur = v.substr(l, r - l + 1);
v.erase(l, r - l + 1);
v.insert(v.mutable_begin(), cur);
*/
#line 4 "tests/Static_Convex_Hull.test.cpp"
#line 2 "geometry/Point.h"
template <class T>
int sgn(T x) { return (x > 0) - (x < 0); }
template <class T>
struct Point {
typedef Point P;
T x, y;
explicit Point(T x = 0, T y = 0) : x(x), y(y) {}
bool operator<(P p) const { return tie(x, y) < tie(p.x, p.y); }
bool operator==(P p) const { return tie(x, y) == tie(p.x, p.y); }
P operator+(P p) const { return P(x + p.x, y + p.y); }
P operator-(P p) const { return P(x - p.x, y - p.y); }
P operator*(T d) const { return P(x * d, y * d); }
P operator/(T d) const { return P(x / d, y / d); }
T dot(P p) const { return x * p.x + y * p.y; }
T cross(P p) const { return x * p.y - y * p.x; }
T cross(P a, P b) const { return (a - *this).cross(b - *this); }
T dist2() const { return x * x + y * y; }
T dist() const { return sqrt(dist2()); }
// angle to x-axis in interval [-pi, pi]
T angle() const { return atan2l(y, x); }
P unit() const { return *this / dist(); } // makes dist()=1
P perp() const { return P(-y, x); } // rotates +90 degrees
P normal() const { return perp().unit(); }
// returns point rotated 'a' radians ccw around the origin
P rotate(ld a) const {
return P(x * cos(a) - y * sin(a), x * sin(a) + y * cos(a));
}
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& os, P p) {
return os << "(" << p.x << "," << p.y << ")";
}
};
#line 2 "geometry/ConvexHull.h"
template <class P>
vector<P> convexHull(vector<P> pts) {
if (sz(pts) <= 1) return pts;
sort(all(pts));
vector<P> h(2 * sz(pts) + 2);
int s = 0, t = 0;
for (int it = 2; it--; s = --t, reverse(all(pts))) {
for (P p : pts) {
while (t >= s + 2 && h[t - 2].cross(h[t - 1], p) <= 0) t--;
h[t++] = p;
}
}
return {h.begin(), h.begin() + t - (t == 2 && h[0] == h[1])};
}
#line 6 "tests/Static_Convex_Hull.test.cpp"
void solve() {
int n;
cin >> n;
vector<Point<i64>> pts(n);
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) cin >> pts[i].x >> pts[i].y;
auto hull = convexHull(pts);
cout << sz(hull) << '\n';
for (auto p : hull) cout << p.x << ' ' << p.y << '\n';
}
int main() {
cin.tie(0)->sync_with_stdio(0);
cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
int tc = 1;
cin >> tc;
for (int i = 1; i <= tc; ++i) {
solve();
}
}