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#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/dominatortree"
#include "../misc/macros.h"
#include "../graph/Dominator.h"
void solve() {
int n, m, s;
cin >> n >> m >> s;
vector<vi> g(n);
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
int u, v;
cin >> u >> v;
g[u].pb(v);
}
auto tree = DomTree(g, s);
tree[s] = s;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) cout << tree[i] << ' ';
}
int main() {
cin.tie(0)->sync_with_stdio(0);
cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
int tc = 1;
// cin >> tc;
for (int i = 1; i <= tc; ++i) {
solve();
}
}#line 1 "tests/Dominator_Tree.test.cpp"
#define PROBLEM "https://judge.yosupo.jp/problem/dominatortree"
#line 1 "misc/macros.h"
// #pragma GCC optimize("Ofast,unroll-loops") // unroll long, simple loops
// #pragma GCC target("avx2,fma") // vectorizing code
// #pragma GCC target("lzcnt,popcnt,abm,bmi,bmi2") // for fast bitset operation
#include <bits/extc++.h>
#include <tr2/dynamic_bitset>
using namespace std;
using namespace __gnu_pbds; // ordered_set, gp_hash_table
// using namespace __gnu_cxx; // rope
// for templates to work
#define all(x) (x).begin(), (x).end()
#define sz(x) (int) (x).size()
#define pb push_back
#define eb emplace_back
using i32 = int32_t;
using u32 = uint32_t;
using i64 = int64_t;
using u64 = uint64_t;
using i128 = __int128_t;
using u128 = __uint128_t;
using ld = long double;
using pii = pair<i32, i32>;
using vi = vector<i32>;
// fast map
const int RANDOM = chrono::high_resolution_clock::now().time_since_epoch().count();
struct chash { // customize hash function for gp_hash_table
int operator()(int x) const { return x ^ RANDOM; }
};
gp_hash_table<int, int, chash> table;
/* ordered set
find_by_order(k): returns an iterator to the k-th element (0-based)
order_of_key(k): returns the number of elements in the set that are strictly less than k
*/
template <class T>
using ordered_set = tree<T, null_type, less<T>, rb_tree_tag, tree_order_statistics_node_update>;
/* rope
rope <int> cur = v.substr(l, r - l + 1);
v.erase(l, r - l + 1);
v.insert(v.mutable_begin(), cur);
*/
#line 1 "graph/Dominator.h"
vector<int> DomTree(const vector<vi>& g, int s) {
int n = sz(g), t = 0;
vector<int> arr(n, -1), rev(n), par(n), sdom(n), dom(n), dsu(n), lab(n), res(n, -1);
vector<vi> rg(n), buck(n);
auto dfs = [&](auto&& self, int u) -> void {
arr[u] = t, rev[t] = u, lab[t] = sdom[t] = dsu[t] = t, t++;
for (int v : g[u]) {
if (arr[v] == -1) self(self, v), par[arr[v]] = arr[u];
rg[arr[v]].pb(arr[u]);
}
};
dfs(dfs, s);
auto find = [&](auto&& self, int u) -> int {
if (u == dsu[u]) return u;
int v = self(self, dsu[u]);
if (sdom[lab[dsu[u]]] < sdom[lab[u]]) lab[u] = lab[dsu[u]];
return dsu[u] = v;
};
for (int i = t - 1; i; --i) {
for (int v : rg[i]) find(find, v), sdom[i] = min(sdom[i], sdom[lab[v]]);
buck[sdom[i]].pb(i);
int p = par[i]; dsu[i] = p;
for (int v : buck[p]) find(find, v), dom[v] = (sdom[lab[v]] == sdom[v] ? p : lab[v]);
buck[p].clear();
}
for (int i = 1; i < t; ++i) {
if (dom[i] != sdom[i]) dom[i] = dom[dom[i]];
res[rev[i]] = rev[dom[i]];
}
return res;
}
#line 5 "tests/Dominator_Tree.test.cpp"
void solve() {
int n, m, s;
cin >> n >> m >> s;
vector<vi> g(n);
for (int i = 0; i < m; ++i) {
int u, v;
cin >> u >> v;
g[u].pb(v);
}
auto tree = DomTree(g, s);
tree[s] = s;
for (int i = 0; i < n; ++i) cout << tree[i] << ' ';
}
int main() {
cin.tie(0)->sync_with_stdio(0);
cin.exceptions(cin.failbit);
int tc = 1;
// cin >> tc;
for (int i = 1; i <= tc; ++i) {
solve();
}
}